5/4/3/2/1 NOTES #7
5)*"Between 6500 and 3500 B.C., the temperature increased from 58º to 62º F. This is the warmest the Earth has been during the Holocene, which is why the scientists refer to this period as the Holocene Maximum".
*Because of the reason that those temperatures of the Holocene Maximum are very close to the temperatures that scientists have predict to 2100, they say that it would be good because at the time of the Holocene Maximum, the agricultural revolution began in the Middle East. Therefore, the same might happen by the new temperature increasing.
*Between 900 and 1100 the climate dramatically warmed after the dropping of temperature, which reached today's temperature. This is known as the Medieval Warm Period (temperature rose about 1º F).
*The graphs shown on page number 79 show a really good support to John Carlisle's opinion about global warming being provoked by Earth's fluctuations.
*"By 1650, the temperature hit a low of 57º F. This is regarded as the coldest point in the 10,000 year Holocene geological epoch. It is known as the Little Ice Age.
4) *How do we know which theory do we have to follow if there are many?
*What type of invents do the scientists use to predict the temperature of 2100?
*How does a rise of 1º F affect the Earth in a big way?
*Did this climate during the Little Ice Age affect the colonization in the Americas?
3) *Plunge: force.
*Trend: inclination.
*Bountiful: abundant.
*Fickle: inconsistent.
2) *Allusion: graphs on page number 79 are provided by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). The author makes a reference to IPCC.
*Historical Event: the Little Ice Age is something considered the most important fact to many of the scientists of today.
1) After the first knowledge of the changing temperatures that John Carlisle gave us, now his theory makes more sense for us, the readers, because with all these proves such as the Little Ice Age and the Agricultural Revolution. His theory has enough facts that "could" make it a real fact or maybe later in time it could become just that, another theory.
Thursday, January 29, 2009
Tuesday, January 27, 2009
5/4/3/2/1 NOTES # 6
5)*John Carlisle contends that the global temperature increase of 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit over the last 150 years has been caused by natural fluctuations in the Earth's temperature and has not been the result of human activity.
*The Clinton administration and its environmental allies wanted Congress to ratify a treaty that will hike consumer prices 40 percent and cost the American Economy $3.3 trillion over 20 years.
*The planet's temperature is constantly rising and falling to put the current warming trend in perspective.
*A glaciation cycle is typically characterized by 90,000 years of cooling, an ice age, followed by an abrupt warming period, called an interglacial, which lasts 10,000-12,000 years.
*Earth is currently in a warm interglacial called the Holocene that began 10,700 years ago.
4) *What natural fluctuations cause the temperature increase?
*Would the Clinton's treaty affect the people's economy?
*How does the earth control its temperature rising and falling?
*How do the scientist know about very ancient temperatures?
3)*interglacial: a warm period between glacial epochs.
*Distress: agony.
*Furthermore: in addition.
2) *Imagery: the reading describes the last little ice age in which enormous migrations occurred when massive quantities of people moved from Greenland and Iceland, so I can imagine the mobs of people moving just like the migration of guise every winter.
*Variety: Finally a different point of view other than man-made global warming. This time, the author John Carlisle attributes global warming to earth's fluctuations.
1) This time, in Point of view number 2 of chapter 2, a new Topic is brought to the different explanations of causes of global warming. The earth's fluctuations could be another cause of global warming, not human beings. According to John Carlisle the earth experiments this changes every 90,000 years, this is known as glaciation/ ice age. When the earth gets heat up, it is called Interglacial, which lasts 10,000-12,000 years. To defend his opinion, John says that this interglacial period helps the plantations to develop better as it already did in the Middle Ages when trade was happening with the West Indies and the rest of the world.
5)*John Carlisle contends that the global temperature increase of 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit over the last 150 years has been caused by natural fluctuations in the Earth's temperature and has not been the result of human activity.
*The Clinton administration and its environmental allies wanted Congress to ratify a treaty that will hike consumer prices 40 percent and cost the American Economy $3.3 trillion over 20 years.
*The planet's temperature is constantly rising and falling to put the current warming trend in perspective.
*A glaciation cycle is typically characterized by 90,000 years of cooling, an ice age, followed by an abrupt warming period, called an interglacial, which lasts 10,000-12,000 years.
*Earth is currently in a warm interglacial called the Holocene that began 10,700 years ago.
4) *What natural fluctuations cause the temperature increase?
*Would the Clinton's treaty affect the people's economy?
*How does the earth control its temperature rising and falling?
*How do the scientist know about very ancient temperatures?
3)*interglacial: a warm period between glacial epochs.
*Distress: agony.
*Furthermore: in addition.
2) *Imagery: the reading describes the last little ice age in which enormous migrations occurred when massive quantities of people moved from Greenland and Iceland, so I can imagine the mobs of people moving just like the migration of guise every winter.
*Variety: Finally a different point of view other than man-made global warming. This time, the author John Carlisle attributes global warming to earth's fluctuations.
1) This time, in Point of view number 2 of chapter 2, a new Topic is brought to the different explanations of causes of global warming. The earth's fluctuations could be another cause of global warming, not human beings. According to John Carlisle the earth experiments this changes every 90,000 years, this is known as glaciation/ ice age. When the earth gets heat up, it is called Interglacial, which lasts 10,000-12,000 years. To defend his opinion, John says that this interglacial period helps the plantations to develop better as it already did in the Middle Ages when trade was happening with the West Indies and the rest of the world.
Monday, January 26, 2009
5/4/3/2/1 NOTES # 5
5) *Global warming doesn't necessarily affect the region where it is emitted from sometimes it affects other regions. For example the emissions of the big quantities of smoke from the south of the United States affects the regions in the north side such as Main and New Hampshire.
*However, in this book there are very interesting oppositions to global warming theories. For instance, "and contrary to the conventional wisdom, global warming would not speed up the rise of sea level but might actually slow it down because increased evaporation from the oceans leads to more precipitation and increased ice accumulation in the polar regions.
*Many scientists show "concern" in public but voice doubts in private.
*Economy is the biggest enemy of the rising of the global warming.
*In the atmosphere, there is a hole as big as the United States, and this provokes the solar beams to come and hit the Earth at a higher temperature.
4) *How does something emitted in a place affects other regions?
*Who is right the opposites or the supporters of global warming?
*How would economy be affected by global warming? If then after the consequences will be more expensive.
3) *Scrutiny: examination.
*Pollutant: noxious waste.
*Wrought: produced.
2) *Vocabulary word: in this part of the book, the author refers to human as fallible humans, and fallible is one of the vocabulary words from our lesson number 10.
*Dialogue: at this point of the book, a dialogue is shown between two scientists but is only about 10 lines. These two scientists bandy about the global warming, so in that way we can see two different points of view.
1) In point of view #6, different effects of Global Warming are shown. For example, the book refers that the mission of different gases in the south side of the United States does not affect them; instead they affect the north side (Maine and New Hampshire) with acid rain. Moreover, it also criticizes the "concern" of some scientists that then in private voice their debts.
5) *Global warming doesn't necessarily affect the region where it is emitted from sometimes it affects other regions. For example the emissions of the big quantities of smoke from the south of the United States affects the regions in the north side such as Main and New Hampshire.
*However, in this book there are very interesting oppositions to global warming theories. For instance, "and contrary to the conventional wisdom, global warming would not speed up the rise of sea level but might actually slow it down because increased evaporation from the oceans leads to more precipitation and increased ice accumulation in the polar regions.
*Many scientists show "concern" in public but voice doubts in private.
*Economy is the biggest enemy of the rising of the global warming.
*In the atmosphere, there is a hole as big as the United States, and this provokes the solar beams to come and hit the Earth at a higher temperature.
4) *How does something emitted in a place affects other regions?
*Who is right the opposites or the supporters of global warming?
*How would economy be affected by global warming? If then after the consequences will be more expensive.
3) *Scrutiny: examination.
*Pollutant: noxious waste.
*Wrought: produced.
2) *Vocabulary word: in this part of the book, the author refers to human as fallible humans, and fallible is one of the vocabulary words from our lesson number 10.
*Dialogue: at this point of the book, a dialogue is shown between two scientists but is only about 10 lines. These two scientists bandy about the global warming, so in that way we can see two different points of view.
1) In point of view #6, different effects of Global Warming are shown. For example, the book refers that the mission of different gases in the south side of the United States does not affect them; instead they affect the north side (Maine and New Hampshire) with acid rain. Moreover, it also criticizes the "concern" of some scientists that then in private voice their debts.
Sunday, January 25, 2009
5/4/3/2/1 NOTES # 4
5)*To the average American, the greatest threat facing the United States in the twenty-first century is probably something on the order of a new Cold War with China as the chief opponent, nuclear missiles launched by rogue nations Islamic fundamentalism, terrorists releasing appalling new biological weapons.
*The chief U.S. protagonist is certainly former Vice President Al Gore, the author of Earth in the Balance, which became the bible of environmental extremism.
*Congress is against Al Gore's opinion. In July 1997, the U.S. senate voted 95-0 for the Byrd-Hegel Resolution, which opposes any global warming mitigation scheme that would damage the U.S. economy.
*Support the Kyoto form labor is divided along white collar/blue collar lines.
*The United mine workers have already come out strongly against Kyoto because the agreement heavily penalizes coal use.
4)*What do they mean by the average American?
*What has Al Gore done besides the book he wrote?
*Why doesn't congress agree with the obvious situations?
*What is the Kyoto Form?
3)*putative: acknowledged
*Stratospheric: from the stratosphere.
*Overwhelmingly: tremendously.
2) *Personification: in the reading, the author writes a phrase that includes a personification, "Congress played a cat and mouse game" giving congress characteristics of life.
*Vocabulary words: in page number 29, the writer uses two of our class vocabulary words. Those words are used together "blatant advocacy", which come from the words blatant and advocate.
1) In Point of view number 5, the writer talks about some negatives point of view from some important groups, such as the congress who disagree with the extremist opinion of the vice President Al Gore in his book Earth in the Balance. In another way, in this part of the book another important laws are mentioned as the Kyoto Form, which apparently prohibits some acts that prejudice the global warming.
5)*To the average American, the greatest threat facing the United States in the twenty-first century is probably something on the order of a new Cold War with China as the chief opponent, nuclear missiles launched by rogue nations Islamic fundamentalism, terrorists releasing appalling new biological weapons.
*The chief U.S. protagonist is certainly former Vice President Al Gore, the author of Earth in the Balance, which became the bible of environmental extremism.
*Congress is against Al Gore's opinion. In July 1997, the U.S. senate voted 95-0 for the Byrd-Hegel Resolution, which opposes any global warming mitigation scheme that would damage the U.S. economy.
*Support the Kyoto form labor is divided along white collar/blue collar lines.
*The United mine workers have already come out strongly against Kyoto because the agreement heavily penalizes coal use.
4)*What do they mean by the average American?
*What has Al Gore done besides the book he wrote?
*Why doesn't congress agree with the obvious situations?
*What is the Kyoto Form?
3)*putative: acknowledged
*Stratospheric: from the stratosphere.
*Overwhelmingly: tremendously.
2) *Personification: in the reading, the author writes a phrase that includes a personification, "Congress played a cat and mouse game" giving congress characteristics of life.
*Vocabulary words: in page number 29, the writer uses two of our class vocabulary words. Those words are used together "blatant advocacy", which come from the words blatant and advocate.
1) In Point of view number 5, the writer talks about some negatives point of view from some important groups, such as the congress who disagree with the extremist opinion of the vice President Al Gore in his book Earth in the Balance. In another way, in this part of the book another important laws are mentioned as the Kyoto Form, which apparently prohibits some acts that prejudice the global warming.
Thursday, January 22, 2009
5/4/3/2/1 NOTES # 3
5)*The 11 hottest years on record have occurred since 1993 with five hottest consecutive years, 1991 to 1995. However the hottest year has been 1998 according to the records.
*The Dutch are creating a plan to reduce emissions by 80 percent over the next 40 years. Germany is contemplating 50 percent cuts in the future. Britain announced it would cut emissions by 21 percent below 1990 levels in the next 10 years.
*CEO of British Petroleum-Amoco announced that it is prepared to do $1 billion a year in solar commerce by the decade's end.
*"Ford and Daimler-Chrysler, together with Ballard Power Corporation, have entered $1 billion joint venture to produce fuel-cell-powered cars in the next three years.
*During the 1980s, the insurance industry lost an average of $2 billion a year to damages from droughts, floods, storm surges, sea level raise, and other extreme weather events.
4)*Has the United States taken any decision about how to reduce the gas emissions?
*Has any other big company of automobiles made any contribution for the problem?
*Since 1998 has there been any other year hotter that that?
*How did the insurance companies lose that big quantity of money?
3)*forum: a medium.
*Discrepancy: inconsistency.
*Hemorrhage: internal bleeding.
*Concern: apprehension.
2) Vocabulary Word: in page number 23, paragraph number 3, last sentence, the writer has used the word havoc which comes from one of our vocabulary words, in lesson number 12.
*Propaganda/Publicity: at this point of the book, the writer has made much publicity to many different companies, such as Texaco, Ford, Toyota, CEO, etc.
1)*In this part of the reading, the author has started to explain the consequences that the global warming has brought to many different companies around the world, for instance, insurance companies, car companies, and fuel producer companies. However, the author has also mentioned the different types of measurement that many countries have already begun to put on practice. Those countries are Netherlands, Germany, and Britain.
5)*The 11 hottest years on record have occurred since 1993 with five hottest consecutive years, 1991 to 1995. However the hottest year has been 1998 according to the records.
*The Dutch are creating a plan to reduce emissions by 80 percent over the next 40 years. Germany is contemplating 50 percent cuts in the future. Britain announced it would cut emissions by 21 percent below 1990 levels in the next 10 years.
*CEO of British Petroleum-Amoco announced that it is prepared to do $1 billion a year in solar commerce by the decade's end.
*"Ford and Daimler-Chrysler, together with Ballard Power Corporation, have entered $1 billion joint venture to produce fuel-cell-powered cars in the next three years.
*During the 1980s, the insurance industry lost an average of $2 billion a year to damages from droughts, floods, storm surges, sea level raise, and other extreme weather events.
4)*Has the United States taken any decision about how to reduce the gas emissions?
*Has any other big company of automobiles made any contribution for the problem?
*Since 1998 has there been any other year hotter that that?
*How did the insurance companies lose that big quantity of money?
3)*forum: a medium.
*Discrepancy: inconsistency.
*Hemorrhage: internal bleeding.
*Concern: apprehension.
2) Vocabulary Word: in page number 23, paragraph number 3, last sentence, the writer has used the word havoc which comes from one of our vocabulary words, in lesson number 12.
*Propaganda/Publicity: at this point of the book, the writer has made much publicity to many different companies, such as Texaco, Ford, Toyota, CEO, etc.
1)*In this part of the reading, the author has started to explain the consequences that the global warming has brought to many different companies around the world, for instance, insurance companies, car companies, and fuel producer companies. However, the author has also mentioned the different types of measurement that many countries have already begun to put on practice. Those countries are Netherlands, Germany, and Britain.
Tuesday, January 20, 2009
5/4/3/2/1 NOTES # 2
5) *In 1995, more than 2,000 scientists from 100 countries reported to the United Nations that our burning of oil, coal and natural gas is changing the Earth's climate at a very big rate compared to the last centuries.
*The average of the U.S temperatures will rise by five to 10 degrees Fahrenheit by the end of the 21st century, according to the experts on the topic.
*Until the mid 1970's, the planet had been warming by one degree F per century. This is a rate in which most ecosystems can adapt, but for the last 20 years, Earth has instead been warming by four degrees F per century.
*The New York Times published that many people from Mozambique has attributed the destruction in their country, such as the storms to the global warming, a fact not yet confirmed by scientists.
*Many people argues that the big quantities of CO2 are favorable to the plants, however it is scientifically proved that the excess of this gas causes diseases to the plants, attracts insects and fires.
4) *Why doesn't the government apply strict laws to punish any environmental damage done by humans?
*Is the New York Times against the opinion of the people of Mozambique?
*Why in a certain period of time, the Earth has become more overheated than any other period of time?
*How is coal make and how do the miners take it out of the coalmines?
3)*Spurt: to erupt.
*Skeptic: disbeliever.
*Flatten: to knock over.
*Subsequently: consequently.
2) *Abbreviations: the author has constantly used many abbreviations throughout the reading. For example the contraction of the Carbon Dioxide becomes CO2 and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change becomes IPCC, as some other words.
It is maybe because he wanted to save paper or he was lazy to keep writing the big names, or also because he wants us to know better scientific and academic abbreviations.
*Statistics: at this point, the writer has used two graphs to teach or let us know better information about the main topic. Such graphs are referring to the enormous rate of temperature change throughout the decades and also showing the growth of the CO2 accumulation.
1) Point of View number three shows the different opinions of global warming around the world. For instance, it show us an article that the New York Times has published, in which the believes of the Mozambique people about global warming are being debated. Also in Point of View number three, using two graphs shows statistics. One of them showing the rising of the global temperatures along the decades. The other showing the accumulation of CO2 that every time becomes bigger. Besides, other type of statistics are shown, this statistics are called the written statistics.
5) *In 1995, more than 2,000 scientists from 100 countries reported to the United Nations that our burning of oil, coal and natural gas is changing the Earth's climate at a very big rate compared to the last centuries.
*The average of the U.S temperatures will rise by five to 10 degrees Fahrenheit by the end of the 21st century, according to the experts on the topic.
*Until the mid 1970's, the planet had been warming by one degree F per century. This is a rate in which most ecosystems can adapt, but for the last 20 years, Earth has instead been warming by four degrees F per century.
*The New York Times published that many people from Mozambique has attributed the destruction in their country, such as the storms to the global warming, a fact not yet confirmed by scientists.
*Many people argues that the big quantities of CO2 are favorable to the plants, however it is scientifically proved that the excess of this gas causes diseases to the plants, attracts insects and fires.
4) *Why doesn't the government apply strict laws to punish any environmental damage done by humans?
*Is the New York Times against the opinion of the people of Mozambique?
*Why in a certain period of time, the Earth has become more overheated than any other period of time?
*How is coal make and how do the miners take it out of the coalmines?
3)*Spurt: to erupt.
*Skeptic: disbeliever.
*Flatten: to knock over.
*Subsequently: consequently.
2) *Abbreviations: the author has constantly used many abbreviations throughout the reading. For example the contraction of the Carbon Dioxide becomes CO2 and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change becomes IPCC, as some other words.
It is maybe because he wanted to save paper or he was lazy to keep writing the big names, or also because he wants us to know better scientific and academic abbreviations.
*Statistics: at this point, the writer has used two graphs to teach or let us know better information about the main topic. Such graphs are referring to the enormous rate of temperature change throughout the decades and also showing the growth of the CO2 accumulation.
1) Point of View number three shows the different opinions of global warming around the world. For instance, it show us an article that the New York Times has published, in which the believes of the Mozambique people about global warming are being debated. Also in Point of View number three, using two graphs shows statistics. One of them showing the rising of the global temperatures along the decades. The other showing the accumulation of CO2 that every time becomes bigger. Besides, other type of statistics are shown, this statistics are called the written statistics.
Monday, January 19, 2009
5/4/3/2/1 NOTES # 1 "GLOBAL WARMING" Opposing Viewpoints
5) *The global warming hypothesis made in 1896 established that carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels would cause global temperatures to raise by trapping excess heat in the Earth's atmosphere.
*The theory was based on greenhouse effect, which is the trapping of heat on the Earth, by gases that human beings release. Those gases cover the atmosphere become a blanket for the planet that let the heat come in but it does not let it go completely.
*If the greenhouse were not stopped soon, the Earth would be sentenced to a perpetual ice age.
*According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide has increased by 31 percent, methane by 151 percent, and nitrous oxide by 17 percent since 1750.
*Also according to the IPCC global temperature has increased close to 0.5 degrees Centigrade, the largest temperature increasing of any century during the past one thousand years.
4) *What is the annual increase of temperature on Earth?
*Who discovered the global warming first?
*In what year was Global Warming first discovered?
*What are some of the actions taken by governments that are truly being applied?
3)*plummet: to crash down.
*Correlation: a relationship.
*Stemming: coming from.
2) *Exposition: the theme of the book is being explained throughout the first viewpoint of the first topic.
*Allusion: at the beginning of the viewpoint, the author uses a quote from the United States Environmental Protection Agency to start the chapter with, and like that support his opinion or the person's opinion.
1) *In this view point of the first topic is explained, which is the global warming causes and consequences. One of the major causes of global warming is the burning of fossil fuels such as petroleum, and coal. The effect of the burning of fossil fuels is that they produce gases that provoke the greenhouse effect, or better know as the Earth's blanket, keeping the heat from going out of the atmosphere and this provokes the melting of enormous glaciers.
5) *The global warming hypothesis made in 1896 established that carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels would cause global temperatures to raise by trapping excess heat in the Earth's atmosphere.
*The theory was based on greenhouse effect, which is the trapping of heat on the Earth, by gases that human beings release. Those gases cover the atmosphere become a blanket for the planet that let the heat come in but it does not let it go completely.
*If the greenhouse were not stopped soon, the Earth would be sentenced to a perpetual ice age.
*According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide has increased by 31 percent, methane by 151 percent, and nitrous oxide by 17 percent since 1750.
*Also according to the IPCC global temperature has increased close to 0.5 degrees Centigrade, the largest temperature increasing of any century during the past one thousand years.
4) *What is the annual increase of temperature on Earth?
*Who discovered the global warming first?
*In what year was Global Warming first discovered?
*What are some of the actions taken by governments that are truly being applied?
3)*plummet: to crash down.
*Correlation: a relationship.
*Stemming: coming from.
2) *Exposition: the theme of the book is being explained throughout the first viewpoint of the first topic.
*Allusion: at the beginning of the viewpoint, the author uses a quote from the United States Environmental Protection Agency to start the chapter with, and like that support his opinion or the person's opinion.
1) *In this view point of the first topic is explained, which is the global warming causes and consequences. One of the major causes of global warming is the burning of fossil fuels such as petroleum, and coal. The effect of the burning of fossil fuels is that they produce gases that provoke the greenhouse effect, or better know as the Earth's blanket, keeping the heat from going out of the atmosphere and this provokes the melting of enormous glaciers.
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